Civil engineering board and affiliate programs

      B ridges is to make a passage over an obstacle, river or valley. Classification of bridges is done based on the span, depth, topography of the region. There is a large number of classification of bridges based upon the function. Below are the most used types of bridges in the world.     Table Content 1.Classification of bridges based on the superstructure of the bridge a. Arch Bridge b. Girder Bridge c.Suspension Bridge d. Truss bridges 2. Classification of bridges based on the types of material a. RCC Bridge b. Timber bridge c. Steel Bridge d. Masonry bridges 3. Other types of bridges a. Over bridges b. Under bridges Let Us Discuss Briefly ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''...

 Calculate the quantity of asphalt for a road  Given that  - Length of a road (L) = 500m - width  of a road (W) = 4 m - Asphalt Thickness (T) = 15cm  Information  - density of asphalt = 2330kg/m³  - 1 Ton =1000kg                        solution Asphalt is a  mixture of aggregates, binder and filler , used for constructing and maintaining roads, parking areas, railway tracks, ports, airport runways, bicycle lanes, sidewalks and also play- and sport areas. Aggregates used for asphalt mixtures could be crushed rock, sand, gravel or slags. - weight of asphalt = volume x density                                                     of asphalt  - weight of asphalt  = 500m x 0.15m x 4m = 300m³  Weight of asphalt (WA) WA= 300m³ x 2330kg/m³  WA= 6...

Different methods of road construction in civil engineering 1) Concrete: It is a common option for road construction purposes as they are a solid material and can be used for building walls and local roads. This method is considerably less prone to wear and tear defects like rutting, cracking, stripping loss of texture, and potholes. This is the main reason for its wide usage. 2) Asphalt: This method of construction replacing concrete method in these days. They are very durable, water-resistant and can go more longer then the concrete. The major advantage of asphalt over concrete is its price. Concrete is very expensive as compared to asphalt. Moreover, asphalt includes low noise during pavement and it is easy to handle it for repairing and maintenance. That is why it is widely accepted and used by the people for the purpose of pavement surfacing. 3) Composite: This method is widely used for the maintenance, recycling, and rehabilitation of the roads. The composite m...

ES EN 1998:2015  states the following fundamental requirements: Structures in seismic regions shall be designed and constructed in such a way that the following requirements are met, each with an adequate degree of reliability( ES EN 1998:2015, Art. 2.1): - No-collapse requirement : The structure shall be designed and constructed to withstand the design seismic action defined in section 3( ES EN 1998:2015, SECTION 3) without local or global collapses, thus retaining integrity and a residual load capacity after the seismic events. *The design seismic action is expressed  in terms of a) The reference seismic action associated with a reference probability of exceedance, PNCR in 50 years or a return period, TNCR and b) The importance factor yi( gamma i) to take into account reliability differentiation * PNCR(IN 50 years)=10% and TNCR=475 years -Damage limitation requirement The structure shall be designed and constructed to withstand a seismic action having a larger proba...

What if we intentionally remove the soil to a certain depth so that the pressure that the new structure is coming with is smaller than the overburden? If one applies this principle, the types of foundation that is going to be achieved is called floating( also called buoyancy foundation) , since the building is basically floating like a boat on water. The disadvantage of such foundations is that, sometimes the excavation depth required is very large and considering basement floor would be inevitable to use the  space created below ground floor. And sometimes basement wouldn't be included and the resulting foundation system would be "cellular raft" .

you model the soil using Area spring/spring properties and the software will capture the interaction between the foundation element and the soil. This approach will give you a better understanding and design moment or shear specially for mat foundations. I have some tips: Tip 1: In the absence of plate load test result you can use an approximate method to determine the soil su bgrade reaction. Bowels has proposed the following equation, Ks=40*SF*σall (SF-safety factor, σall allowable bearing capacity). Tip 2: don’t reinforce your mat or footings with the maximum moment around columns. Since the design moment is located at the face of column, at least try to read the moment at the face of column. Otherwise you would reinforce your mat for peak moment and end up being uneconomical. Tip 3: don’t forget to model the lateral passive earth pressure preventing your footing from sliding. Otherwise your model would be unstable. Tip 4: If you are using SAFE, you can model the soil with “soi...