Civil engineering board and affiliate programs

 Shear cap vs drop panel  Flat slab design is usually associated with punching shear. In order to reduce the shear stress induced around columns designers usually increase the slab thickness near the column. This increase in thickness in the vicinity of columns is usually called " drop panel ".  Is it technically correct to call every thickness increase around columns drop panel? The answer to this question is NO! And let's see an article from ACI 318-14 to arrive at a correct naming/term. drop panel -  projection below the slab  used to reduce the amount of negative reinforcement over a column or the minimum required slab thickness, and to increase the slab shear strength. shear cap - projection below the slab used to increase the slab shear strength shear caps (popularly called  shear  heads) are commonly used, especially when the transverse reinforcement does not give the required load capacity. The second advantage of using the shear heads is th...

 types of building ☞Depending upon the character of occupancy or the type of use, building can be classified into different categories as follows:  1. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS : These buildings include one or two private dwellings, apartment houses (flats), hotels, dormitories etc. 2. EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS : These buildings include any building used for school, college or day care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation. 3 . INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS These buildings include any building or part which is used for medical treatment etc. Such as Hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages, sanatory jails, prisons, mental hospitals etc. 4. ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS : These buildings may include any building or part of a building where a group of people gathers for recreation, amusement, social, religious or such types of purposes such as theaters, assembly halls, exhibition halls, restaurants, museum, club rooms, auditoria etc 5. BUSINESS BUILDINGS : These sha...